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Elizabeth Harper
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The heat of the sun and the Earth's atmosphere interact on a continuous basis to produce weather. Uneven heating causes a complex system of wind flows. There are three major circulations of air that result from solar heating of the atmosphere.
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The heat of the sun, the Earth's atmosphere, the tilt of the Earth on its axis, and the Earth's rotation combine to form a complex, interdependent system. It produces the rising and falling of large air masses and the creation of cyclonic flows. We observe these massive movements of air as wind.
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Heat from the sun is constantly interacting with the Earth's atmosphere. The irregular heating of the atmosphere coupled with the atmosphere's "desire" to maintain equilibrium results in the movement of large air masses, leading to different types of weather.
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Earth's global weather originates in large scale interactions between the sun, the atmosphere, and the rotation of the Earth itself. But the ground that this weather moves over can also have significant effects on the weather. Local and large-scale weather systems alike are affected by the different properties of land and sea.
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Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface. Seawater stores heat efficiently and it both heats up and cools down more slowly than land surfaces. These properties mean that ocean currents can carry warm or cold water to many different parts of the Earth. Surface temperatures are affected by the temperature of the currents below. Climates, especially coastal climates, can be altered by changes in sea temperatures.
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Water vapor exists as an invisible gas throughout our atmosphere. About 90 percent of this water vapor is added to Earth's atmosphere through evaporation from the oceans. When the sun heats the water in the oceans, some water changes from a liquid to a gas and rises in the warm air.
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Clouds are produced when condensation occurs above ground level. If the surrounding air temperature is above freezing, water vapor condenses into droplets of water. If the air temperature is below freezing, water vapor may change directly (sublimate) into ice crystals. In some cases, water vapor can remain as a liquid in a supercooled state below freezing.
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Technically speaking, clouds are the evidence of rising air masses and condensing water vapor. Weather forecasters and observers can deduce current and future weather events based on cloud shapes. Aesthetically speaking, the infinite variety and beauty of clouds have delighted us since the beginning of man. Surprising, a system for classifying clouds did was not developed until the early 19th century.
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Clouds are formed when air rises and cools to the point where it is saturated with water vapor. When this happens, water vapor condenses into tiny droplets of water or sublimates into tiny ice crystals. If these droplets of water or ice crystals get big enough, gravity will cause them to fall to the ground. When they fall, this is known as precipitation.
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Thunderstorms are dramatic weather events that include electrical discharges, loud thunder, and usually large amounts of rain, hail, and even snow. About 40,000 thunderstorms occur every day in the world. Thunderstorms are most frequent in the Earth's equatorial regions, and are most powerful in the United States, particularly in the Midwest and South.
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104 free articles by Elizabeth Harper
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